The best answer is B.
In the passage the author states that firms offering unconditional guarantees are “seeking a competitive advantage.” Choices A and C can be eliminated because no mention is made in the passage of liability limits or justification for fee increase.
Choice D is incorrect because the passage does not associate the offering of unconditional guarantees with the attainment of an outstanding reputation.

The best answer is B. The passage describes a marketing strategy practiced by some professional service firms, outlines the arguments in favor of its use, and the describes the drawbacks associated with the strategy.
Choice A is incorrect because the popularity of the practice is not discussed in the passage.
Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not include a demonstration of how to institute unconditional guarantees.
Choice D is incorrect because ethical issues are not addressed by the author.

The best answer is B.
The passage states that Randolph’s reason for bringing the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor: “as a member union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position to exert pressure on member unions that practiced race restrictions”.
No information is given in the passage to support choices A, C and D.

The best answer is B.
The passage states that a guarantee “may mislead clients by suggesting that lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes”. This implies that legal and medical outcomes cannot be predicted with absolute certainty. Although the statements in A, C, and D could be true, none of these statements is implied by the description in the passage.

The best answer is A.
The passage explicitly states that offering unconditional guarantees works best with first time clients, but no mention is made of the relative success of this practice with clients of long standing. The circumstances referred to in B, C and D are mentioned in the passage.

The best answer is D. The passage states that “professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees.” If a firm has an outstanding reputation based on a high level of performance, it is likely that its clients are satisfied with the quality of service that is delivered.
Choice (A) is not implied: the passage indicates that the author believes that firms with outstanding reputations have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees, but the passage implies nothing about whether such firms either currently offer guarantees or have offered them in the past. The passage does not provide information concerning the profitability (B). In addition, it does not suggest that such firms practice in fields in which outcomes are predictable (C).

Option(d)

The key to this question lies in the last 3 lines of the first paragraph–
"These are the questions that I hope a brief consideration of Romanticism and philosophy in an historical age might open on to. The essays and counter-responses in this volume represent works in progress by Kelly and Pfau, and we invite our readers' input into their respective polemics".

Option (d)

The question asks about the opinions of Kelly and Pfau. In the first paragraph look at the line "Both Pfau and Kelley are concerned to define the place of the aesthetic within a judgment". Also the last line of last paragraph states that "In some respects, what they articulate about Romanticism is nothing less than the uses (variously conceived) of its pleasures". These statements are brought in (A) and (C). Both (B) and (C) are the views of the author.

Option (b)

Please look at these lines in the first paragraph “we end in circular claims about the meaning of meaning. We are not quite circus animals chasing our respective tails". This clearly gives the answer to the question. All the other three options are junk answers.

Option (c)

(C) option gives the most perfect answer. The first reason is that poetic cadence treaded on structuralist ground which made many academicians to believe that it was structural.
Look at these lines "it is true, treading on structuralist ground:" and "is the assumption that poetic resonance must be interpreted as either ideological or, alternatively, structural in an essentialist, naively psychologised manner".
All the other answers are not complete.