C is the best answer. In lines 35-41, the author states that ten percent of the Black workers in the South were employed in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” and then identifies “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” as the general federal census category for industrial occupations in 1910. Thus, she indicates that she used the federal census as a source of information in her investigation.

A is the best answer. The author discusses wages in southern cities in the third paragraph. Lines 68-73 state that an increase in the number of rural workers who migrated to southern cities after the collapse of the cotton industry led to increased competition for jobs and resulted in wages being pushed lower.

D is the best answer. The first paragraph describes a common assumption about the Great Migration, that the majority of migrants came from rural areas. It also restates the conclusion that is based on this assumption, that the subsequent economic difficulties of Black migrants in the North were a result of their unfamiliarity with urban life. In the second paragraph, the author states that the “question of who actually left the South” (lines 27-28) has never been adequately researched. She goes on to argue that Black migrants may actually have been from urban areas rather than rural areas, and thus that their subsequent economic problems in northern cities were not caused by their rural background. In making this argument, the author is challenging the “widely accepted explanation” presented in the first paragraph.

C is the best answer. This question asks you to identify the possible influences that motivated Black workers in their decision to migrate north, and then to recognize which of the choices is NOT mentioned as an influence on Black workers. This is the only option not mentioned in the passage as an influence that may have motivated southern Black workers to move north in the Great Migration.

The best answer is C. According to the passage Randolph’s efforts to obtain recognition for the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a goal achieved in 1935, “helped transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions.” The passage states that prior to 1935 that attitude was one of skepticism. Therefore, the passage indicates that the workers’ skepticism was diminished as a result of Randolph’s work.
Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not indicate that the attitude among Black workers in other industries toward unions remained unchanged by 1935.
Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not state that the actions of the Pullman Company’s union made Black workers more skeptical of unions by 1935.
No information is given in the passage to support D.

The best answer is A. The passage indicates that indicate that in the early 1930’s it became illegal for a company to maintain its own union with company funds. Thus, the passage suggests that prior to the 1930’s a company was permitted to fund its own union. Choices B, C, D, and E describe practices that are not implied in the passage.

The best answer is C. The passage indicates that it was an advantage to Randolph in building the Brotherhood’s membership that Black workers shared “the same grievances from city to city”, suggesting that it would have been more difficult to build the membership of the Brotherhood if Black workers in different parts of the country had had different grievances.
There is no information in the passage to support A, B and D.

The best answer is A. The passage indicates that indicate that in the early 1930’s it became illegal for a company to maintain its own union with company funds. Thus, the passage suggests that prior to the 1930’s a company was permitted to fund its own union.
Choices B, C and D describe practices that are not implied in the passage.

The best answer is B. The passage states that the existence of a Pullman-owned union “weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity” such as Randolp’s Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Thus, the passage suggests that some porters did support the Pullman Company union.
The passage directly contradicts A, which implies virtually no support of the Pullman company union.
Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not suggest anything about Pullman employees other than porters.
Choice D is incorrect: in fact, the passage suggests that the porters’ attitude was less positive after Randolph’s union achieved recognition in 1935.

The best answer is D.
The passage states that an unconditional guarantee “may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the promised level of service”. In D, an architect’s unconditional guarantee leads prospective clients to wonder whether previous clients have been satisfied with that architect’s work, a situation that exemplifies the paradox described in the passage.
Choice A describes a problem that would occur after a service has been rendered.
Similarly, in C, a guaranteed service has actually been judged unsatisfactory.
Choice B exemplifies the situation described in the passage: guarantees may suggest that a firm is “begging for business”.