The best answer is C. The passage describes a methodology, explain the methodology’s intended uses, criticizes the methodology’s accurateness and comprehensiveness, and reaffirms the methodology’s usefulness despite its limitations. Thus, the primary purpose of the passage is to evaluate or critique a methodology.

The best answer is B. The passage states that “Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English,” that is, in the language of the ethnologists recording the life stories. Since this statement supports the idea that “much was inevitably lost,” it can be inferred that the informants used a language other than that used to record their life stories. Choice A is incorrect because, in the second paragraph, the investigators are criticized for lacking familiarity with the cultures they study. Choice C is incorrect because ethnologists recorded life stories to “supplement their own field observations”. Choice D is incorrect because the passage indicates that life stories were edited.

The best answer is D. In the third paragraph, the passage asserts that editors made their own decisions about which elements of the Native Americans’ life stories were important. It can therefore be inferred from the passage that reporting all of an informant’s information would help eliminate bias, because editing had involved subjective judgments about the intrinsic value of the information. Choice A and C can be eliminated because the passage does not attribute bias to failures in adhering to ethnological theory, to translations into the researchers’ language, or problems in the numbers and content of question posed. Choice B is not supported because the second paragraph criticizes the emotion of the report, not that of the informant, for introducing bias.

Option (c)

The lines “And indeed… I presume?” spell out the circle of concern which is limited to the immediate and the temporal world, nowhere do the lines depict any issues with the larger picture in life. The author is in a ‘status quo’ and deciding what to do.

The best answer is A, which paraphrases the passage’s assertion that life stores “are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture”. Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not assess the difficulty of collecting life stories, and because the second paragraph discusses ways in which life stories became distorted. Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not specify how many research methods are available to ethnologists.Choice D can be eliminated because the third paragraph mentions distortion arising from ethnologists’ failure to recognize significant events in life stories.

Option (d)

The passage stresses on the fact that “there will be time” for everything.

Option (d)

The phrase “muttering retreats” makes option (d) correct.

Option (b)

In the olden days, ether was used to anesthetize patients.

D is the best answer. The question requires you to recognize which of the choices is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way in which senior managers use intuition. The passage does not mention stipulating goals.

B is the best answer. The question requires you to compare behavior based on intuition with behavior based on formal decision analysis. This choice specifies that the manager who uses intuition incorporates action into the decision-making process, but the manager who uses formal analysis does not. This distinction is made in several places in the passage. Lines 6-7 emphasize that decision-making and action-taking are separate steps in formal decision analysis: “making a decision, and only then taking action”. On the other hand, those who use intuition “integrate action into the process of thinking” (lines 15-16). Again, the author mentions that in the intuitive style of management,“ ‘thinking’ is inseparable from acting” (lines 60-61), and “action is often part of defining the problem” (lines 80-81).