Answer: Option C. -> Meteor streams are composed of dust particles derived from comets.
:
C
This question asks you to identify an accurate statement about meteor streams. Choice C, the best answer, restates information about the composition of meteor streams from the first sentence of the passage. Choice A is not correct. The passage discusses the influence of planetary gravitation on meteor streams but says nothing about its influence on the orbits of comets. According to the passage, it is planetary gravitation, not the gravitational fields of comets, that causes meteor streams to increase in size, so choice B is not correct. And choice D is not correct because the passage says nothing about the composition of comets.

Answer: Option B. -> are prohibited by law from owning a majority of a corporation’s stock.
:
B
This question asks you to infer, from information stated in the passage, a way in which the role of large institutions as stockholders differs from that of the “old-style capitalist”.
The best answer is B. According to the passage, the old-style capitalists were able to play a dominant role in the corporations in which they held stock because they owned enough stock to do so. The passage also states that large institutions are legally barred from owning a majority of a company’s stock. From this it can be inferred that large institutions, because their ability to own stock is limited, do not play as dominant a role in the corporations of which they are stockholders as did the old-style capitalists.
Choice A is not correct. The passage does not indicate whether large institutions invest in many companies, few companies, or even just a single company.
Choice C is not the correct answer. The passage does not mention brokers or any other parties who might influence the investment choices made by large institutions.
Choice D is incorrect.The author notes that an institution’ sale of a large amount of stock would, in fact, decrease the stock’s value.

Answer: Option D. -> Meteor showers caused by older meteor streams should be, on average, longer in duration than those caused by very young meteor streams.
:
D
This question asks you to identify a prediction that can be derived from both the conventional theories about meteor streams and the new computer-derived model. You must base your answer on information that is suggested by, but not expressly stated in, the passage. According to the passage, the conventional theories hypothesized that meteor streams should broaden with time, and the computer simulation confirmed this hypothesis. The passage also suggests that the time it takes for the Earth to cross a meteor stream (and, by implication, the duration of the resulting meteor shower) is directly related to the breadth of the stream. From these pieces of information, which are supported by both the conventional theories and the new computer-derived theory, it can be inferred that on average the meteor showers caused by older (and therefore broader) meteor streams would be longer in duration than those caused by very young (and therefore narrower) meteor streams, as stated in D, the best answer. Choice A is incorrect because it contradicts the predictions of both the conventional theories (that the particles will be most dense at the center of the stream) and the computer model (that the stream will resemble a thick-walled, hollow pipe). Choice C is also incorrect because it is inconsistent with the conventional theories that suggested the distribution of dust in a meteor stream is denser at the center. And choice B is incorrect because the theories discussed in the passage do not suggest anything about the likelihood that the Earth’s orbit will cross that of any particular meteor stream.

Answer: Option D. -> The computer-model Geminid meteor stream provides an accurate representation of the development of the actual Geminid stream.
:
D
This question asks you to identify an assumption underlying the last sentence of the passage. In this sentence, the author of the passage draws a conclusion about the age of the Geminid stream. This conclusion is based on two pieces of information. The first is the length of time the Earth would take to cross the computer-model Geminid stream if the stream were 5,000 years old. The second is the actual elapsed time between the two peaks of meteor activity predicted by the computer model. In concluding from this information that the Geminid stream is actually only 3,000 years old, the author is assuming the accuracy of the computer model, as stated in D, the best answer. Choice A is incorrect because the passage says that the time the Earth takes to cross the stream would vary from year to year and that 19 hours was the average time, not the exact time, observed from 1970 to 1979. Choices B and C are incorrect because the passage does not suggest anything about the current state of the comet associated with the Geminid stream or about the expected longevity of the stream.

Answer: Option A. ->  They are ejected by the comet at differing velocities.
:
A
This question asks for the reason given in the passage for a characteristic feature of meteor streams. According to the passage, the dust particles in a meteor stream eventually surround a comet’s original orbit because of the different velocities at which they are ejected, as stated in choice A, the best answer. Choice B is directly contradicted by information in the passage. The other answer choices are incorrect because the passage does not say that the dust particles become part of the meteor stream at different times, or that their velocity slows over time.

Answer: Option B. -> Describing a problem and proposing a solution
:
B
This question asks you to determine the main task that the passage is designed to accomplish.
The best answer is B. The passage identifies a problem (shareholder’ and manager’ failure to enhance companies’ long-term productivity) in the first paragraph, most pointedly in the last sentence of that paragraph. In the second paragraph, the author recommends certain actions as a means of solving that problem.
Choice A is not correct. The author of the passage identifies a problem in the first paragraph, but the author does not compare two different approaches to that problem. Rather, in the second paragraph, the author proposes a single, unified approach to solving the problem.
Choice C is incorrect. The author does not defend an established method of institutional shareholding in the United States and recommends a different method in the second paragraph.
Choice D is also incorrect. The author describes a situation in the first paragraph but does not provide data or draw any conclusions from data.

Answer: Option C. -> They cannot make quick profits by selling their stock in the corporation.
:
C
This question asks you to decide what the passage implies, rather than states directly, about majority shareholders in a corporation.
The best answer is C. According to the passage, those individual capitalists who were once majority shareholders in a corporation would not be able to make a quick profit by selling a large amount of stock because such a sale would depress the stock’s value. It can be inferred from the passage that this would be true of any majority shareholders.
Choice A is not the correct answer. The passage suggests, that majority shareholders can actively influence a company’s decision-making, but it does not suggest that this influence is equal to the absolute authority suggested by the language of this answer choice. The passage also does not discuss the “operational management decisions” of corporations.
Choice B is not correct. The passage does not specify what percent of a corporation’s stock any one shareholder is allowed to own.
Choice D is not the correct answer. The author does not imply that majority shareholders are more interested in profits than in productivity. In fact, the author argues the opposite, stating that majority shareholders such as the old-style capitalists concentrated more on long-term productivity than on quick profits.

Answer: Option B. -> Improving long-term productivity led to increased profits.
:
B
The best answer is (B).
The lines in the passage says "United States productivity is unlikely to improve unless shareholders and the managers of the companies in which they invest are encouraged to enhancelong-term productivity (and hence long-term profitability),rather than simply to maximize short term profits."
The remaining options need not be assumed necessarily.

Answer: Option B. -> Describing a new theoretical model and noting that it explains the nature of observations made of a particular natural phenomenon
:
B
This question asks you to identify the primary focus of the passage. The best answer is B. The author describes the new theoretical model in the first paragraph; in the final paragraph the author states that the data obtained from actual observations, which are discussed in the second and third paragraphs, is consistent with the new theoretical model. Choice A is not correct; the computer model confirmed the astronomers’ hypothesis that meteor streams broaden with time, and although the model yielded an unexpected result, the passage does not contrast the predictions yielded by competing theories. Choice C and D are not correct because the passage makes no reference to further areas for research, and only a single phenomenon is described in the passage.

Answer: Option B. -> They seldom engaged in short-term trading of the stock they owned.
:
B
To answer this question, you must use information contained in the passage to infer something about the “old-style capitalist” referred to.
The best answer is B. According to the lines of the passage, the individual capitalists of the past, referred to later in the passage as “old-style” capitalists , could not “sell out for a quick profit” because doing so would depress the value of their stocks. From this statement, it can be inferred that someone who typifies the “old-style capitalist” would be unlikely to engage in short-term stock trading.
Choice A is incorrect. A comparison between the old-style capitalists and their modern counterparts is made in the passage, but the passage does not express an opinion about whether or not the management techniques used by these capitalists are outdated.
Choice C is not the correct answer. The passage does not discuss the investment policies of the corporations in which financial institutions invest.
Choice D is also incorrect. According to the passage ,the old-style capitalists were individual investors, not large institutions. While the passage stats that large institutions are affected by anti-trust legislation, it says nothing about whether this legislation affects individual investors. In addition, the passage does not mention anything about how great a role individual investors now play in the stock market.