Answer: Option A. -> Vroom
Expectancy motivation theory is given by Vroom. Vroom's expectancy theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain.

Answer: Option A. -> Informal organization
Informal organization has no place in the organization chart. An informal organization is the social structure of the organization, as opposed to the formal structure of an organization. It establishes how an organization functions from a practical standpoint.

Answer: Option C. -> Peter Drucker
Management By Objectives was introduced by Peter Drucker. The essence of Peter Drucker 's basic principle: Management By Objectives is to determine joint objectives and to provide feedback on the results. Setting challenging but attainable objectives promotes motivation and empowerment of employees.

Answer: Option C. -> ego needs
Self-confidence, independence, achievements, knowledge, status, recognition and appreciation examples of ego needs. The term ego has shifted over time. It is the conscious awareness of self and what needs to happen in order for the self (Identity) to survive.

Answer: Option B. -> do not motivate the workers
According to Maslow, the satisfied needs do not motivate the workers. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not felt until one has met the needs basic to one's bodily functioning.

Answer: Option B. -> do not motivate employees
Herzbergs Hygeine factors do not motivate employees. The absence of hygiene factors will cause employees to work less hard. Hygiene factors are not present in the actual job itself but surround the job.

Answer: Option C. -> horizontal communication
Inter-depoartmental committee meeting is an example of horizontal communication. Horizontal communication is the transmission of information between people, divisions, departments or units within the same level of organizational hierarchy. You can distinguish it from vertical communication, which is the transmission of information between different levels of the organizational hierarchy.

Answer: Option D. -> informal communication
Rumours and gossips are informal communication. The Informal Communication is the casual and unofficial form of communication wherein the information is exchanged spontaneously between two or more persons without conforming the prescribed official rules, processes, system, formalities and chain of command.

Answer: Option D. -> System theory
The theory focused on a persons act rather than his trait or behaviour is System theory. Systems theory is an interdisciplinary theory about the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science, and is a framework by which one can investigate and/or describe any group of objects that work together to produce some result.

Answer: Option D. -> institutional leader
The leadership style considers subordinates do not have ability and immature is institutional leader. A leadership style refers to a leader's characteristic behaviors when directing, motivating, guiding, and managing groups of people.