Answer: Option C. -> (i) yellow blobs of cells (ii) grey dots of oscillating rods
:
C
In Bigo’s distillery the good fermentation vessels contained yellow blobs of cells and bad or the contaminated fermentation vessels contained grey dots of oscillating rods. Louis Pasteur observed that the yellow blobs of cells were responsible for producing alcohol, while the grey dots of oscillating rods in bad fermentation vessels produced acid. Later it was discovered that the yellow blobs were yeast which were responsible for alcohol production, while the grey dots were bacteria that produced the foul smelling acid.

Answer: Option C. -> ii,i,iii,iv
:
C
In 1850, Gregor Johann Mendel, known as the "father of genetics", stated that certain heredity factors were responsible for transmission of traits from parents to offsprings . Friedrich Miescher in 1869, isolated a compound called nuclein which was later termed as nucleic acid. Thomas Hunt Morgan, in 1915, discovered that genes are located on chromosomes. Later in 1944, Maclyn McCarty proved that DNA is the genetic material. This discovery paved the way for advancement in modern biotechnology.

Answer: Option B. -> vector constructed using plasmid DNA and cos site of  Lambda phage DNA
:
B
Cosmids can be used to clone DNA fragments up to 45 kb in length.A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence. The DNA sequences of Cosmids(cos sites + plasmid =cosmids) are originally from the lambda phage. They are often used as a cloning vector in genetic engineering

Answer: Option B. -> i-s, ii-r, iii-q, iv-p
:
B
Cell disintegration is done using physical, chemical and enzymatic methods. Physical methods include ultrasonication and high pressure homogenization. Ultrasonication uses sound and high pressure homogenization uses high pressure where cells are passed through narrow tube with high pressure. In chemical methods, cells are treated with organic solvents, alkali or organic solvents. In enzymatic methods, enzymes like lysozyme are used to digest cell membranes and release intracellular product.

Answer: Option A. -> Near the positive electrode, farthest away from the wells
:
A
DNA is a negatively charged molecule and therefore would move towards the positive end of the gel. But the movement of though the gel is determined by the size of the DNA molecule. The DNA fragments are loaded in a well near to the negative end of the gel. Once the electric field is applied, the DNA fragments start to move towards the positive end. The smallest DNA fragments would move quicker than their larger counterparts and hence be nearestto the positive end of the gel and farthest from the wells.

Answer: Option D. -> amp, tet - Antibiotic resistance genes 
:
D
These are also called as ” Selectable Markers “which will be unique to those plasmids.

Answer: Option A. -> True
:
A
The goal of cell disintegration is to get the desired product out of cells without any damage to its structure and biological activity.

Answer: Option C. -> Coli
:
C
RENs are named with the first letter of the genus & the $2^{nd}\&3^{rd}$ letters are from the first two letters of the species name of the organism from where it was isolated. Since the enzyme was isolated from E. coli, it is named as EcoRI.

Answer: Option B. -> False
:
B
Electroporation involved using 100-10,000 volts per centimeter for few milliseconds. This rearranges the phospholipid layer and creates small pores on the cell membrane.

Answer: Option B. -> II and III
:
B
Downstream processing deals with obtaining the desired product of fermentation in its pure and active form. The steps involved in downstream processing are separation of particles, followed by disintegration of cells then extraction and concentration of the desired product and finally purification of the product.
While large scale production and testing (using withdrawal of small volumes of culture periodically from continuous culture) are steps in upstream processing.