Answer: Option A. -> Both A and R are true and R explains A
:
A
Transgenic plants can be made by rDNA technology using DNA from different species like viruses, bacteria, other plants and animals. rDNA technology is faster than traditional breeding and enables the gene of interest to be precisely identified and expressed in the transgenic plant. These factors make rDNA /transgenic technology more advantageous as compared to traditional cross breeding.

Answer: Option B. -> Insulin
:
B
The first hormone to be produced using recombinant DNA technology was Insulin. The gene encoding for the protein based hormone was inserted into E. coli and produced in large quantities.

Answer: Option C. -> Jellyfish
:
C
GFP stands for Green Fluorescent Protein. The gene that codes for GFP is isolated from jellyfish which have the ability to glow in the dark. GFP has been used in creating transgenic mice that glow under blue light. GFP has also been tagged to several important proteins to understand their physiological role.

Answer: Option C. -> Bt toxin exists as inactive toxin
:
C
The Bt toxin protein exists as an inactive protoxin in the Bacillus but once an insect ingests the inactive toxin, it is converted into an active form of toxin due to the alkaline pH of the gut which solubilises the crystals. The activated protein then kills the insect by inducing bleeding and auto-digestion.

Answer: Option B. -> Proteins synthesized by transgene in host cells
:
B
A recombinant protein is a protein encoded by recombinant DNA formed by the incorporation of a transgene into the genome of the host cells by rDNA technology.

Answer: Option D. -> A single-stranded DNA probe attached to the microarray surface and fluorescent labelled single-stranded cDNA samples
:
D
A gene chip or a microarray consists of synthesized probes of the DNA sequence of the gene to be studied. RNA of the gene whose expression we are studying is isolated and converted to fluorescently labelled cDNA known as the gene sample. The hybridization of the sample with the probe produces fluorescence which is picked up by a specialized CCD camera. The more the fluorescence, more is the activity of the gene in the cell and vice versa.

Answer: Option B. -> They have genes that produces toxins that kill pests
:
B
Pest resistant plants such as Bt-cotton and Bt-brinjal have the cry gene from a bacterium calledBacillus thuringiensis, that produces crystal toxins. These toxins are harmless to humans but are fatal to a variety of pests. The cry gene is responsible for producing the Cry protein that binds to specialized recpetors on the midgut of the pests and induces bleeding which eventually kills off the pests.

Answer: Option C. -> Golden rice
:
C
Golden rice is a transgenic crop that has a gene added to its genome that produces large amount of vitamin A and hence can solve the problem of night blindness in African countries. Night blindness is usually caused by a deficiency of Vitamin A. Hence, this vitamin when supplemented via this transgenic rice variety also called golden rice helps keep blindness at bay.

Answer: Option B. -> A- iii, B-i, C-v, D-ii, E-iv
:
B
Humulin is the first genetically engineered hormone that was approved for human use. Insulin contains two polypeptide chains A peptide and B peptide. The 'A' peptide is made of 21 amino acids while the 'B' peptide is made of 30 amino acids. Insulin contains three disulphide bonds- two between A and B peptides and one within the A peptide. The C - peptide is present in pro-insulin connecting the A and B peptides. This is cleaved to form active insulin.

Answer: Option B. -> False
:
B
Transgenic plants are developed by transferring the advantageous gene from other species to the host. This is faster than traditional cross-pollination and selective breeding which typically require many generations to get the desired effect.