An urban heat island is the name given to describe the characteristic warmth of both the atmosphere and surfaces in cities (urban areas) compared to their (non-urbanized) surroundings. The heat island is an example of unintentional climate modification when urbanization changes the characteristics of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere.

Pastoral Herding is also known as nomadic herding and pastoral nomadism. This is an economic activity more advanced than food gathering and hunting because the people living by pastoral herding make at least some investment to enhance natural production. Labour to enhance and nurture the supply of animal products is the chief investment of the peopleengaged in this occupation.

Dispersed Settlements − In these kind of settlements, houses are spaced far apart and often interspersed with fields. However, the market and some other activities in these settlements are centralized where they participate together.

Around 1750, at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, the world population was 550 million. World population exploded in the eighteenth century after the Industrial Revolution. Human population increased more than ten times in the past 500 hundred years. In the twentieth century itself the population has increased four times. Nearly 80 million people are added each year.

The gravity model has been frequently used for explaining human geographical phenomena in the early years of the twentieth century. According to the gravity model, the migration between two places is directly proportional to the product of the population of the two centres, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two.It implies that the capacity of an area to attract migrants depends upon the size of its population or its economic potential. The distance is considered as a hindrance to the population movement.

Northeast Atlantic and the adjacent waters of the Arctic extending from Norway to Great Britain and Iceland constitute the second major fishing region. This region is known for the world’s best cod-fishing grounds.

Extensive development of dairy farming in the dairy belt of North America has been possible due to the presence of a combination of physical and economic factors. The region receives a rainfall varying between 55 and 125 cm. The rainfall efficiency is further increased by relatively lower temperature ranging between 18° and 24°C. The cattle yield more milk in a cool climate and the milk can also be kept for a longer time at lower temperature.

Cotton is one of the most important cash crops supplying raw material to an extensive textile industry. It is a widely grown crop in areas of warm subtropical climate, typically on the equatorial side of the mid-latitudes. Among the cotton producing countries the first rank goes to China. The major areas of production in China lie in the floodplains of the major rivers in the northeastern part of the country.

Heifer – a cow that has not borne a calf, or has borne only one calf. In North America, a typical farm has about 100 milk cows and as many young female stock called heifers. The heifers are raised as replacement cows.

Large units where sheep are reared in Australia are called sheep stations. The term applied to large animal farms inSouth America is estancias. The ranches or sheep stations consist of large areas of natural pasture and also the ranch house and some area devoted to supplementary feed crops.