Answer: Option A. ->
:

Definition: 1 Mark
Example: 1 Mark
Source reduction of waste is a method of waste management in which unwanted waste materials are recycled at the site of production and some other useful substances are produced out of the recycled material. Production of biogas using human excreta is an example of source reduction.
Examples of things in our daily lives which can be recycled or reused:
Any one:
          a. Paper
          b. Plastics
          c. Vegetable and fruit peels.

Answer: Option A. ->
:
Effects: 1 Mark each
Though plastic is easy and comfortable to use, it is very harmful in terms of health and environment.
Any five:
1. Polythene bags are one kind of plastics which are non-biodegradable and cause environmental pollution.
2. Plastics undergo a process known as photodegradation, in which they break down into smaller and smaller toxic particles. These particles contaminate soil and water and enter the food chain when eaten accidentally by animals like cows.
3. Plastic materials discarded into aquatic resources cause death of huge number of aquatic organisms.
4. Plastics in the form of polythene bags are also responsible for the clogging of drainage systems in cities and towns. 
5. Plastics take several years to decompose.
6. Plastics are not suitable for storing cooked food as they emit harmful chemicals when they are exposed to high temperatures. Using plastics causes health problems.
7. Burning of plastics emits harmful gases which cause cancer in living beings. 

Answer: Option A. ->
:
Explanation: 1 Mark each
1. A large, low-lying area used to dispose off garbage is known as a dump.
2. A garbage dump is also used as landfill. Garbage collectors collect waste and then dispose it at garbage disposals.
3. Garbage dumps have flies, cockroaches and mosquitoes, and often turn into breeding grounds for micro-organisms which may cause diseases. This is the reason why garbage dumps are usually located on the outskirts of a city.
4. In the long run, when garbage mixes with soil, it takes a longer time to decay making the soil loose.
5. Burning of agricultural wastes like dried leaves and husk without disposing them properly releases smoke and harmful gases into the atmosphere. These harmful gases may cause respiratory diseases. So it is important that we dispose off garbage responsibly.

Answer: Option B. -> Gizzard
:
B

Red worms do not have teeth. They have a structure called gizzard which helps them in grinding their food.

Answer: Option B. -> False
:
B

Garbage disposal includes all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. It is not the responsibility of the government alone. We should help the government in this work to maintain cleanliness of our surroundings.

Answer: Option C. -> Convert them to manure.
:
C

  $\bullet$ The best way to dispose fallen leaves is to convert them to manure.
  $\bullet$ Disposing the leaves in water bodies lead to pollution.
  $\bullet$ Burning them produces several gases that are harmful to our health. It may lead to asthma and other lung diseases.
  $\bullet$ The leaves will not be decomposed if it is put inside plastic bags.

Answer: Option B. -> Paper-mache
:
B

The paste of clay and paper is known as paper-mache. It can be used for making masks, figurines, sculptures and ornaments.

Answer: Option C. -> recycling
:
C
Reuse of used materials in a different form is called recycling. It is a process of conversion of waste materials into new products to prevent wastage of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials. For example, recycling of paper in paper plates or cups. 

Answer: Option D. ->  Kitchen waste   
:
D

Green bins are provided by municipality for collecting kitchen, animal and plant wastes. Usually the waste in this bin is converted into compost.

Answer: Option C. -> Paper   
:
C

Paper is biodegradable, whereas plastics or polythene bags are not and hence paper bags are environment-friendly. Teflon, synthetic fibres and nylon are non-biodegradable.