In the third paragraph of the passage, the
author clearly mentions that "dogmatic attitude is related to the tendency to
verify our laws and schemata by seeking to apply them and confirm them,
whereas "critical attitude is one of readiness to change them, to refute
them. Further, in the paragraph critical attitude has been called scientific
and dogmatic attitude has been called pseudo-scientific. Thus it is evident
that the real difference between scientific and pseudo-scientific as
mentioned by the author is best stated by option (c).

The first paragraph of the passage talks about all the three
points. So the correct answer choice is option (d).

The apprehensions of Lindblad that
"different elements of communist ideology such as equality or social justice
still seduce many" is indirectly accepted by the author as in the last
paragraph he mentions the resistance of the Muslim world and Latin America
against New Imperialism and the growing demand for social justice. The
correct answer therefore is (b).

Para 1:

 ·        
Fifteen
years after communism was officially pronounced dead, its spectre seems once
again to be haunting Europe.

 ·        
Last
month, the Council of Europe's parliamentary assembly voted to condemn the
"crimes of totalitarian communist regimes" linking them with Nazism.

 ·        
GoranLindblad wants to take this further.

Para 2:

 ·        
Reasons for this being a good year for
Lindblad's ideological offensive.

 ·        
Paradoxically, given that there is no
communist government left in Europe outside Moldova, the attacks have if
anything, become more extreme as time has gone on.

 ·        
Blaming class struggle and public
ownership, Lindblad explained "different  
elements   of   communist ideology such as equality or
social   justice still seduce many" and
"a sort of nostalgia for communism is still alive."  

 ·        
Real problem for Lindblad and his
right-wing allies in Europe is that communism is not dead enough.

Para 3:

 ·        
The fashionable attempt in reality to
equate communism and Nazism is in reality a moral and historical nonsense.

 ·        
The dominant account gives no sense of how
communist regimes renewed themselves after 1956 or why Western leaders feared
they might overtake the capitalist world well into the 1960s.

 ·        
For all its brutalities and failures,
communism's existence helped to drive up welfare standards in the West, and
provided a powerful counterweight to Western global denomination.

 ·        
Its existence helped to drive up welfare
standards in the West, and provided a powerful counterweight to Western
global domination.

Para 4:

 ·        
It would be easier to take the council of
Europe's condemnation of communist state crimes seriously if it had also seen
fit to denounce the far bloodier account of European colonialism.

 ·        
This was a system of racist despotism,
which dominated the globe in Stalin's time.  

 ·        
While there is precious little connection
between the   ideas   of  
fascism   and   communism,  
there   is   an  
intimate   link between
colonialism and Nazism.

Para 5:

 ·        
Comparable atrocities were carried out by
all European colonialists, but not a word of condemnation from the Council of
Europe.

Para 6:

 ·        
Part of the current enthusiasm in official
Western circles for dancing on the grave of communism is about relations with
today's Russia and China.

 ·        
It also reflects a determination to prove
there is no alternative to the new global capitalist order.

Option: (e)

The reason to cite the atrocities committed by European colonial regime is to neutralize the argument of Lindblad against communism on the ground of violence. His intention is not to compare atrocities but to neutralize the attack on communism and prove that colonial atrocities were more than communist violence. Thus (e) is the most appropriate answer choice.

The author gives the opinion of a
conservative European MP. The renewed attack on communism is being made
because the now existing ideology of global capitalism can be idealized only
through an attack on communism. Though (a) might also appear as a correct
alternative but (b) states the reason most appropriately.

The 'original position' mentioned in the
second paragraph has been used by the author to describe a 'hypothetical
situation' where no one knows their status, position, privileges etc.. This
is in order to ensure that justice is received without any influence from
these categories. So, while option (b) is also close to the correct answer
choice, option (a) is the most appropriate pick.

Option: (a)

In the fourth paragraph, the author has tried to compare Nazism with colonialism rather than comparing it with communism. Towards the end of the paragraph, the author states that many ideas coined by the German colonial regime were later inherited by the Nazi party. Thus (a) is the right answer choice.

OPTION : (d)

Option (d) is correct as the council of Europe is dominated by strong European countries that were previously colonial powers. Option (b) also seems a reason for silence of council of Europe as it is condemning communist ideology and seeks support in the same.   Option (c) does not seem as a compelling reason because nothing of the allies is mentioned in the passage. Thus answer choice (d) is the most appropriate one.

If we
look at the second paragraph, it is evident that choosing 'the principles of
justice' behind a 'veil of ignorance' refers to a situation where one must
not be aware of his status, position, privileges etc. while choosing the
principles. If we look at options (a), (b), (c) and (e), they talk about
businessmen, school children and potential immigrants who in some way or the
other will be aware of at least one of the things mentioned before, resulting
in building up of a hierarchy. Thus, the only possibility is that of a new
birth, where one is completely ignorant of what is to come. Thus the right
answer choice is option (d).

The
passage is based on the central theme of defining what a just society, based
on an original position, will be like. According to the passage, the just
society would be fair, wherein justice will not be influenced by privileges,
position, and social status of a person. This is best described by option
(e). Although all other options are close to being correct but option (e)
seems to be the best pick amongst all.

Para 1:  

 ·        
Present a
conception of justice which generalizes and carries to a higher level of
abstraction the familiar theory of the social contract.

 ·        
The idea
is that the principles of justice for the basic structure of society are the
object of the original agreement.

 ·        
They are the principles that free and
rational persons concerned to further their own interests would accept in an
initial position of equality.

 ·        
These principles are to regulate all further
agreements; they specify the kinds of social cooperation that can be entered
into and the forms of government that can be established.

 ·        
Author calls this justice as "fairness".

Para
2:

 ·        
In "justice as fairness", no one knows his
place in society, his class position or social status, nor does anyone know
his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his
intelligence, strength and the like.

 ·        
Principles of justice are chosen behind a
veil of ignorance.

Para3

 ·        
Justice as fairness begins with the choice
of the first principles of a conception of justicewhich is to regulate all subsequentcriticism and
reform of institutions.

 ·        
Then, having
chosen a conception of justice, we can suppose that they are to choose   a  
constitution   and   a  
legislature   to   enact  
laws,   and   so  
on,   all   in  
accordance   with   the  
principles   of justice   initially  
agreed   upon.  

 ·        
A society
satisfying the   principles   of justice as   fairness comes   as close as  
a society   can to being a
voluntary   scheme,   for  
it meets the principles which free and equal persons would assent to
under circumstances that are fair.