Sufism or mysticism emerged in the 8th century. Some of the early known Sufis are as follows: Rabia al-Adawiya, Al-Junaid, and Bayazid Bastami. Sufism evolved into a well-developed movement by the end of the 11th century.

Shaikh Hasan was another prominent Sufi saint of the Suhrawardi order, who lived during the 16th and 17th centuries in Lahore in present-day Pakistan. Before joining the Suhrawardi order he lived in the ‘company of yogi Gorakhnath.

The followers of Bhakti movement condemned polytheism and believed in one god. They also denounced all forms of idolatry and greatly emphasised on the fundamental unity of all religions.

Jalauddin Rumi who was a great Sufi mystic and poet, founded the Order of the Whirling Dervishes in the thirteenth century. He was born in Afghanistan in 1207 CE.

The Suhrawardi order which was founded by Shihabuddin Suhrawardi accepted the maintenance grants from the Sultans. The Suhrawardi order was established in India by Bahauddin Zakariya. Suhrawardis were active in Punjab and Sindh region.

Babur first established himself in Kabul in 1504 A.D. and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistanthrough the Khyber Pass. Later he successfully captured Bhira, Sialkot, and Lahore in Punjab.

Humayun ruled from 1530 to 1556 A.D. He succeeded his father Babur at the young age of 23. He had to cope up with number of problems left behind by Babur.

It is believed that Babur was invited to fight against Ibrahim Lodhi by Daulat Khan Lodhi , the Governor of Punjab, AlamKhan, the uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi, and Rana Sanga of Mewar.

Battle of Chausa was fought near Buxar. Humayun was badly defeated and Sher Khan adopted the title of Sher Shah. Humayun barely escaped with his life from the battle field.

Babur was well learned in Persian and Arabic language. He is regarded as one of the two most famous writers of hismother tongue, Turkish. He also wrote his memoir in Turki called Tuzuk-i-Babri or Babarnama.