Answer: Option B. -> urethra
:
B
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters
to reach the urinary bladder. It is stored there until it is
released through the urethra.

Answer: Option D. -> All of these
:
D
Micturition is the process of urination, or flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra. When enough urine is accumulated in the bladder, it causes a stretch in the bladder walls. A threshold amount of this stretch causes a signal to be sent to the CNS. The CNS correlates the stretch information to volume of urine present and initiates what is called the micturition reflex. Conversely, an increased pressure in the bladder also stimulates it. It can also be stimulated by irritation of the bladder or urethra.

Answer: Option C. -> H+ ions and ammonia
:
C
Tubular secretion helps maintain a proper acid-base balance by removing $H^{+}$ ions and ammonia from the blood.

Answer: Option C. -> 2, 1, 4, 3
:
C
The bladder fills with urine. $\to$ Stretch receptors on the wall of urinary bladder send signals to the CNS. $\to$
CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of bladder and simultaneous
relaxation of sphincter. $\to$ Micturition

Answer: Option A. -> 1 - Thin descending limb, 2 - Thin ascending limb, 3 - Thick ascending limb, 4 - Distal convoluted tubule
:
A
The Loop of Henle has four parts. These are the thick descending limb (not labeled), the thin descending limb shown here in (1), the thin ascending limb (2), and finally the thick ascending limb which is (3). The thick ascending limb joins with the next part of the nephron called the distal convoluted tubule (4).

Answer: Option D. -> High amount of sugar in urine
:
D
Sugar(glucose) is usuallypresentin theurineat very low levels or not at all. Abnormally high amounts ofsugarin theurine, known as glycosuria, are usually the result of high bloodsugarlevels. High bloodsugarusually occurs in diabetes, especially when untreated.

Answer: Option B. -> 180 L per day
:
B
The filtrate formed is collected and enters the lumen of the Bowman's capsule through its walls from where it flows to the proximal convoluted tubule. This filtrate is isosmotic with theplasma, and contains amino acids, glucose, urea, uric acid, ketones, electrolytes, and massive quantities of water. Around 15 to 25 percent of water and dissolved substances in plasma are filtered out of the blood that flows through the glomerular capillaries. This constitutes around 180 litres per day. $\frac{1}{5}$ of the blood pumped to our bodies every minute, reaches the kidneys and is filtered out. So technically in five minutes, we filter our entire blood volume.

Answer: Option D. -> Counter current mechanism in Henle’s loop/ Vasa recta
:
D
Counter current mechanismhelps to maintain a concentration gradientin the medullary interstitium. Presence of such interstitial gradient helps in an easy passage of water from the collecting tubule thereby concentrating the filtrate (urine). Human kidneys can produce urine nearly four times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.Mammals have the ability to produce a concentrated urine. The Henle’s loop and vasa recta play a significant role in this. The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a counter current.

Answer: Option D. -> All of the above
:
D
Plants lose water in the process of transpiration. Plants use the fact that most of their cells are dead cell and store their wastes in leaves. These wastes are lost when they lose these leaves. Oxygen produced during photosynthesis passes out through the stomata. Therefore, all 1,2 and 3 are the methods bywhich plantsexcrete waste.

Answer: Option D. -> All of the above 
:
D
Hemodialysis, also spelthaemodialysis, commonly called kidney dialysis or simply dialysis, is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally.One needle will slowly remove blood and transfer it to a machine called a dialyzer (dialysismachine). Thedialysismachine is made up of a series of membranes that act as filters and a special liquid called dialysate. The membranes filter waste products from your blood, which are passed into the dialysate fluid.