Exams > Cat > Verbal
VERBAL REASONING MCQs
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Question 21. I am sometimes attacked for imposing 'rules'. Nothing could be further from the truth. I hate rules. All I do is report on how consumers react to different stimuli. I may say to a copywriter, "Research shows that commercials with celebrities are below average in persuading people to buy products. Are you sure you want to use a celebrity"? Call that a rule? Or I may say to an art director, "Research suggests that if you set the copy in black type on a white background, more people will read it than if you set it in white type on a black background."__________
Answer: Option C. -> A suggestion perhaps, but scarcely a rule
:
C
Solution: Correct Answer Option: (c)
If we look at the flow of the paragraph, option (c) seems to fit in best because in the last line, the author is talking about the suggestion he would give to an art director. Option (a) is also pretty close but nowhere in the paragraph is the author trying to give any guidance. He is only talking of suggestions
:
C
Solution: Correct Answer Option: (c)
If we look at the flow of the paragraph, option (c) seems to fit in best because in the last line, the author is talking about the suggestion he would give to an art director. Option (a) is also pretty close but nowhere in the paragraph is the author trying to give any guidance. He is only talking of suggestions
Question 22. 1. Despite the passage of time, a large number of conflicts continue to remain alive, because the wronged parties, in reality or in their imagination, wish to take revenge upon each other, thus creating a vicious circle.
A. At times, managers are called upon to take ruthless decisions in the long-term interests of the organization.
B. People hurt others, at times knowingly, to teach them a lesson and, at other times, because they lack correct understanding of the other person have stand.
C. The delegation of any power, to any person, is never absolute.
D. Every ruthless decision will be easier to accept if the situation at the moment of committing the act is objectively analysed, shared openly and discussed rationally.
6. If power is misused, its effects can last only for a while, since employees are bound to confront it someday, more so, the talented ones
A. At times, managers are called upon to take ruthless decisions in the long-term interests of the organization.
B. People hurt others, at times knowingly, to teach them a lesson and, at other times, because they lack correct understanding of the other person have stand.
C. The delegation of any power, to any person, is never absolute.
D. Every ruthless decision will be easier to accept if the situation at the moment of committing the act is objectively analysed, shared openly and discussed rationally.
6. If power is misused, its effects can last only for a while, since employees are bound to confront it someday, more so, the talented ones
Answer: Option D. -> BADC
:
D
Option (d)
The clearest link here is the C-6 link (sentence 6 follows C). This eliminates option (a)
Also, observe the elaboration of the "ruthless decision" in the A-D link. Make it a point to glance through answer options always in these questions.
You can arrive at the answer as option (d)
:
D
Option (d)
The clearest link here is the C-6 link (sentence 6 follows C). This eliminates option (a)
Also, observe the elaboration of the "ruthless decision" in the A-D link. Make it a point to glance through answer options always in these questions.
You can arrive at the answer as option (d)
Answer: Option D. -> Decreasing oil consumption through conservation
:
D
Option: (d)
Author clearly points out that import would not impact the rise of prices. It indicates that whether the oil is manufactured in the country itself or is bought from outsode doesn't matter. All the other choices get eliminated here.
:
D
Option: (d)
Author clearly points out that import would not impact the rise of prices. It indicates that whether the oil is manufactured in the country itself or is bought from outsode doesn't matter. All the other choices get eliminated here.
Question 24. Directions for questions 11-15: Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the sentence that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way
We can usefully think of theoretical models as maps, which help us navigate unfamiliar territory. The most accurate map that it is possible to construct would be of no practical use whatsoever, for it would be an exact replica, on exactly the same scale, of the place where we were. Good maps pull out the most important features and throw away a huge amount of much less valuable information. Of course, maps can be bad as well as good - witness the attempts by medieval Europe to produce a map of the world. In the same way, a bad theory, no matter how impressive it may seem in principle, does little or nothing to help us understand a problem.___________________
We can usefully think of theoretical models as maps, which help us navigate unfamiliar territory. The most accurate map that it is possible to construct would be of no practical use whatsoever, for it would be an exact replica, on exactly the same scale, of the place where we were. Good maps pull out the most important features and throw away a huge amount of much less valuable information. Of course, maps can be bad as well as good - witness the attempts by medieval Europe to produce a map of the world. In the same way, a bad theory, no matter how impressive it may seem in principle, does little or nothing to help us understand a problem.___________________
Answer: Option A. -> But good theories, just like good maps, are invaluable, even if they are simplified.
:
A
Option (a)
The passage compares maps with theories. Good maps give only the ‘most important features’ and leave out less valuable information. So too are good theories. Option (b) categorically states that good theories ‘will never represent unfamiliar concepts’ whereas a concept being familiar or unfamiliar depends on a person’s knowledge. Option (c) can be ruled out because the passage does not talk of balancing details with feasibility of representation. Option (d) cannot be the answer because maps don’t have to become abstract to be accurate.
:
A
Option (a)
The passage compares maps with theories. Good maps give only the ‘most important features’ and leave out less valuable information. So too are good theories. Option (b) categorically states that good theories ‘will never represent unfamiliar concepts’ whereas a concept being familiar or unfamiliar depends on a person’s knowledge. Option (c) can be ruled out because the passage does not talk of balancing details with feasibility of representation. Option (d) cannot be the answer because maps don’t have to become abstract to be accurate.
Answer: Option C. -> An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
:
C
Option: (c)
The passage indicates that an inconclusive polygraph test tells nothing about the person who has taken the test, and yet employers sometimes refuse to hire someone whose results from such a test are inclusive. Treating lack of information as if it were unfavorable evidence about a person can reasonably be considered unfair. There, C is the best choice. Choice A is not supported, since the passage says that an inconclusive polygraph test is no reflection on the examinee. Neither B nor D is supported, since the information given includes nothing either implicit or explicit about polygraph tests that yield conclusive results. Since the passage is consistent with both E and its denial, E is not supported.
:
C
Option: (c)
The passage indicates that an inconclusive polygraph test tells nothing about the person who has taken the test, and yet employers sometimes refuse to hire someone whose results from such a test are inclusive. Treating lack of information as if it were unfavorable evidence about a person can reasonably be considered unfair. There, C is the best choice. Choice A is not supported, since the passage says that an inconclusive polygraph test is no reflection on the examinee. Neither B nor D is supported, since the information given includes nothing either implicit or explicit about polygraph tests that yield conclusive results. Since the passage is consistent with both E and its denial, E is not supported.
Answer: Option C. -> The dental researchers found that among people who used toothbrushes contaminated with bacterial that cause pneumonia and strep throat, the incidence of these diseases was no higher than among people who used uncontaminated toothbrushes.
:
C
Option: (c)
According to choice C, using a contaminated toothbrush does not increase the incidence of infection, so the recommendation to replace a toothbrush before it becomes contaminated is greatly undermined. Choice C is therefore the best answer. Since the recommendation is based on the discovery that bacterial contamination occurs after about four weeks, the researchers’ inability to discover why contamination takes that long to appear does not weaken the recommendation (choice A), nor does their failure to investigate other forms of contamination (choice B), nor does the discovery that contamination does not worsen after six weeks (choice E). According to choice D, even thorough washing cannot prevent contamination, so replacing the toothbrush appears more essential, rather than less so.
:
C
Option: (c)
According to choice C, using a contaminated toothbrush does not increase the incidence of infection, so the recommendation to replace a toothbrush before it becomes contaminated is greatly undermined. Choice C is therefore the best answer. Since the recommendation is based on the discovery that bacterial contamination occurs after about four weeks, the researchers’ inability to discover why contamination takes that long to appear does not weaken the recommendation (choice A), nor does their failure to investigate other forms of contamination (choice B), nor does the discovery that contamination does not worsen after six weeks (choice E). According to choice D, even thorough washing cannot prevent contamination, so replacing the toothbrush appears more essential, rather than less so.
Question 27. The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are who advertise their services, and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. Therefore, if the state removes any of its current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements, overall consumer legal costs will be lower than if the state retains its current restrictions.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument concerning overall consumer legal costs?
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument concerning overall consumer legal costs?
Answer: Option D. -> Most lawyers who advertise specific services do not lower their fees for those services when they begin to advertise.
:
D
If Dis true, the lawyers who begin advertising when the restriction is removed might all be among those who do not lower their fees on beginning to advertise, in which case no decrease in consumer legal costs will occur. Therefore, E weakens the argument and is the best answer.
Since A does not relate the recent removal of restrictions to changes in consumer legal costs, it alone does not weaken the argument. Since the argument is unconcerned with whatever restrictions remain in effect but focuses only on those that will be removed, Adoes not weaken the argument.
B and Care irrelevant to an evaluation of the argument, which is concerned with cost considerations, not with the quality of legal services or the content of lawyers’ advertisements.
:
D
If Dis true, the lawyers who begin advertising when the restriction is removed might all be among those who do not lower their fees on beginning to advertise, in which case no decrease in consumer legal costs will occur. Therefore, E weakens the argument and is the best answer.
Since A does not relate the recent removal of restrictions to changes in consumer legal costs, it alone does not weaken the argument. Since the argument is unconcerned with whatever restrictions remain in effect but focuses only on those that will be removed, Adoes not weaken the argument.
B and Care irrelevant to an evaluation of the argument, which is concerned with cost considerations, not with the quality of legal services or the content of lawyers’ advertisements.
Question 28. Defense Department analysts worry that the ability of the United States to wage a prolonged war would be seriously endangered if the machine-tool manufacturing base shrinks further. Before the Defense Department publicly connected this security issue with the import quota issue, however, the machine-tool industry raised the national security issue in its petition for import quotas.
Which of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the machine-tool industry’s raising the issue above regarding national security?
Which of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the machine-tool industry’s raising the issue above regarding national security?
Answer: Option C. -> The machine-tool industry encountered difficulty in obtaining governmental protection against imports on grounds other than defense.
:
C
Since the size of the machine-tool manufacturing base presumably has implications in area beyond national security, one might find it surprising that the industry raised the security issue in its petition.
C, the best answer, explains that the industry turned to this issue because others tended to be ineffective in efforts to obtain governmental protection. A explains why the industry might NOT raise the security issue, since it suggests that it might have raised the issue of jobs instead.
B explains why the industry might NOT raise the security issue about import quotas, since it suggests that the Defense Department had no interest in import quotas whatsoever.D is notrelevant to the industry’s choice of strategy for securing import quotas.
:
C
Since the size of the machine-tool manufacturing base presumably has implications in area beyond national security, one might find it surprising that the industry raised the security issue in its petition.
C, the best answer, explains that the industry turned to this issue because others tended to be ineffective in efforts to obtain governmental protection. A explains why the industry might NOT raise the security issue, since it suggests that it might have raised the issue of jobs instead.
B explains why the industry might NOT raise the security issue about import quotas, since it suggests that the Defense Department had no interest in import quotas whatsoever.D is notrelevant to the industry’s choice of strategy for securing import quotas.
Question 29. During the Second World War, about 375,000 civilians died in the United States and about 408,000 members of the United States armed forces died overseas. On the basis the those figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be overseas in the armed forces during the Second World War than it was to stay at home as a civilian.
Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?
Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?
Answer: Option D. -> Comparing death rates per thousand members of each group rather than comparing total numbers of deaths
:
D
Concluding from the similar numbers of deaths in two groups that the relative danger of death was similar for both groups is absurd if, as here, one group was far smaller. D exposes this absurdity by pointing out the need to compare death rates of the two groups, which would reveal the higher death rate for the smaller group.
Therefore, D is the best answer. Since the conclusion acknowledges the difference between the number of civilian and armed forces deaths, expressing this difference as a percentage, as suggested by B, is beside the point.
A is inappropriate because it simply adds a third group to the two being compared. Because cause of death in not at issue, C is irrelevant.
:
D
Concluding from the similar numbers of deaths in two groups that the relative danger of death was similar for both groups is absurd if, as here, one group was far smaller. D exposes this absurdity by pointing out the need to compare death rates of the two groups, which would reveal the higher death rate for the smaller group.
Therefore, D is the best answer. Since the conclusion acknowledges the difference between the number of civilian and armed forces deaths, expressing this difference as a percentage, as suggested by B, is beside the point.
A is inappropriate because it simply adds a third group to the two being compared. Because cause of death in not at issue, C is irrelevant.
Question 30. In developed countries, such as the United States, the percentage of the population diagnosed with clinical depression is much greater than that in developing countries. Researchers hypothesize that this difference is due to the increased leisure time afforded to residents of developed countries.
The hypothesis of the researchers depends on which of the following assumptions?
The hypothesis of the researchers depends on which of the following assumptions?
Answer: Option B. -> Access to accurate diagnostic procedures for depression is equal for residents of developing and developed countries.
:
B
Assumption Eliminate alternate models of causality The passage concludes that increased leisure time in the developed world causes an increase in the percentage of people diagnosed with clinical depression. For this causal conclusion to be valid we must eliminate alternate causes for this disparity.
Note: some questions of this type focus on eliminating reverse causality. That is, if the conclusion is that X causes Y (because X and Y are observed together), then one assumption is that Y does notcause X. Other questions focus on eliminating an outside cause. That is, if the conclusion is X causes Y (because X and Y are observed together), then another assumption is that Z (some outside force) does not cause Y. As it turns out, this question is of the latter type: eliminating an outside cause.
(A) This statement weakens the hypothesis. If clinical depression were genetically transmitted, then the amount of leisure time would have no effect on the percentage of the population diagnosed with clinical depression.
(B) CORRECT.If individuals in the developing and developed worlds do not have equal access to accurate diagnostic procedures, it is possible that either frequent misdiagnoses or a lack of correct diagnoses causes the seeming disparity between the populations. Thus, for the argument to be valid, this assumption must hold true. Put another way, this assumption eliminates the possible outside cause (the difference in diagnostic techniques between the developing and the developed worlds).
(C) Nothing indicates that most leisure activities must be inherently boring. As long as more individuals in the developed world than in the developing world are experiencing boredom, the logic of the passage remains valid.
(D) This choice weakens the researchers’ hypothesis. If fewer effective medications were available in the developing world, the incidence of clinical depression there should be higher than in developed countries.
:
B
Assumption Eliminate alternate models of causality The passage concludes that increased leisure time in the developed world causes an increase in the percentage of people diagnosed with clinical depression. For this causal conclusion to be valid we must eliminate alternate causes for this disparity.
Note: some questions of this type focus on eliminating reverse causality. That is, if the conclusion is that X causes Y (because X and Y are observed together), then one assumption is that Y does notcause X. Other questions focus on eliminating an outside cause. That is, if the conclusion is X causes Y (because X and Y are observed together), then another assumption is that Z (some outside force) does not cause Y. As it turns out, this question is of the latter type: eliminating an outside cause.
(A) This statement weakens the hypothesis. If clinical depression were genetically transmitted, then the amount of leisure time would have no effect on the percentage of the population diagnosed with clinical depression.
(B) CORRECT.If individuals in the developing and developed worlds do not have equal access to accurate diagnostic procedures, it is possible that either frequent misdiagnoses or a lack of correct diagnoses causes the seeming disparity between the populations. Thus, for the argument to be valid, this assumption must hold true. Put another way, this assumption eliminates the possible outside cause (the difference in diagnostic techniques between the developing and the developed worlds).
(C) Nothing indicates that most leisure activities must be inherently boring. As long as more individuals in the developed world than in the developing world are experiencing boredom, the logic of the passage remains valid.
(D) This choice weakens the researchers’ hypothesis. If fewer effective medications were available in the developing world, the incidence of clinical depression there should be higher than in developed countries.
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