Answer: Option A. -> 1 and 2 only 
:
A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct. The cool temperate western margins are under the permanent influence of Westerlies all round the year. They are also regions of much cyclonic activity, typical of Britain and are thus said to experience the British type of Climate.
Statement 2 is correct. The British type of climate has adequate rainfall throughout the year with a tendency towards a slight winter or autumn maximum from cyclonic sources. Since the rain-bearing winds come from the west, the westrern margins have the heaviest rainfall.
Statement 3 is incorrect. The Natural vegetation of British climate type is deciduous forest. The trees shed their leaves in the cold season. This is an adaptation for protecting themselves against the winter snow and frost. Shedding begins in autumn, the fall seasons, during which leaves fall and are scattered by the winds.

Answer: Option C. -> Both 1 and 2
:
C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct : The mid-day sun is exactly overhead at least once a year on all latitudes in between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. When the summer solstice happens in the Northern Hemisphere, the North Pole is tilted about 23.4° toward the Sun. Because the Sun’s rays are shifted northward from the Equator by the same amount, the vertical noon rays are directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer.
Statement 2 is correct : The mid-day sun never shines overhead on any latitude beyond the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The angle of the sun’s rays goes on decreasing towards the poles, thus temperature decreases from equator toward the poles.

Answer: Option A. -> Tropical Cyclone in Southern Hemisphere
:
A
Explanation:
The tropical cyclone winds rotate in anti or counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere around the low pressure, because of the Coriolis Effect (which deflects the wind direction to the right side of the actual movement of the wind in the northern hemisphere and left side in the southern hemisphere) due to the earth’s rotation. When tropical cyclones approach there is a drop in pressure and there is a steep temperature gradient within the system.
Note: Anticyclone are high pressure systems. High pressure systems have small pressure gradients. So there will be no inward flow of winds rather there will be outward flow of wind.

Answer: Option D. -> 1,2 and 3 only
:
D
Explanation:
The factors which affect the distribution of temperature of ocean water are :

• Latitude : the temperature of surface water decreases from the equator towards the poles because the amount of insolation decreases poleward.


• Unequal distribution of land and water : the oceans in the northern hemisphere receive more heat due to their contact with a larger extent of land than the oceans in the southern hemisphere.


• Prevailing Wind:the winds blowing from the land towards the oceans drive warm surface water away from the coast resulting in the upwelling of cold water from below. It results in the longitudinal variation in the temperature. Contrary to this, the onshore winds pile up warm water near the coast and this raises the temperature.


• Ocean currents : warm ocean currents raise the temperature in cold areas while the cold currents decrease the temperature in warm ocean areas.

Answer: Option B. -> 2-1-4-3
:
B
Explanation:
(Refer the table below)
Thus the decreasing order of gases in the atmosphere is Oxygen - Argon - Neon and Krypton.

Answer: Option A. -> 1 only 
:
A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Thunderstorms are caused by intense convection on moist hot days. A thunderstorm is a well-grown cumulonimbus cloud producing thunder and lightning. When the clouds extend to heights where sub-zero temperature prevails, hails are formed and they come down as a hailstorm.
Statement 2 is correct: If there is insufficient moisture, a thunderstorm can generate dust- storms. A thunderstorm is characterised by intense updraft of rising warm air, which causes the clouds to grow bigger and rise to greater height. This causes precipitation. Later, downdraft brings down to earth the cool air and the rain.
Statement 3 is correct: A tornado is a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground. They are most common on continents in the mid-latitudes where they are frequently associated with thunderstorms.

Answer: Option C. -> 2 and 3 only 
:
C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The Salinity of water in the surface layer of oceans depends mainly on evaporation and precipitation.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The average salinity of the Indian Ocean is 35 o/oo. The low salinity trend is observed in the Bay of Bengal due to the influx of river water. On the contrary, the Arabian Sea shows higher salinity due to high evaporation and low influx of freshwater.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The North Sea, in spite of its location in higher latitudes, records higher salinity due to more saline water brought by the North Atlantic Drift. It is a warm ocean current and an extension of the Gulf Stream. It is characterized by warm temperature and high salinity.

Answer: Option B. -> 2 only
:
B
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: A large number of hypotheses were put forth by different philosophers and scientists regarding the origin of the earth. One of the earlier and popular arguments was by German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Mathematician Laplace revised it in 1796. It is known as Nebular Hypothesis. The hypothesis considered that the planets were formed out of a cloud of material associated with a youthful sun, which was slowly rotating.
Statement 2 is incorrect: According to the Big Bang Theory also called expanding universe hypothesis the universe is expanding. As time passes, galaxies move further and further apart.

Answer: Option A. -> Convectional rainfall
:
A
Explanation:
The convectional rainfall occurs due to the thermal convection currents caused due to the heating of ground due to insolation. Convectional rainfall is prevalent in equatorial regions. In these, the warm air rises and expands then reaches at a cooler layer and saturates, then condenses mainly in the form of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds.

Answer: Option D. -> All of the above statements are correct. 
:
D
Explanation:
Earth has a dipole magnetic field that deflects solar wind. The Earth’s magnetic field extends from the interior to out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. The field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 10 degrees with respect to Earth's rotational axis.
Earth's magnetic field changes over time because it is generated by a geodynamo (in Earth's case, the motion of liquid/molten iron alloys in its outer core). The electromagnetic particles in Solar wind are deflected by earth’s field which distort the shape of earth’s magnetic field in space. While the North and South magnetic poles are usually located near the geographic poles, they can wander widely over geological time scales.
Hence all the statements are correct.