General Knowledge > Polity
CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS MCQs
Total Questions : 5
Question 1. Q. With reference to Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR), Consider the following Statements :
Which of the above given statements is/are incorrect?
- It was formalized for the first time at the Paris Climate Summit (2015)
- It acknowledges that all states have a shared obligation to address environmental destruction but denies equal responsibility of all states with regard to environmental protection.
- The concept recognizes the differences between countries of global North and South.
Which of the above given statements is/are incorrect?
Answer: Option D. -> 1 only
:
D
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) was formalized in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. The Parties to the Convention agreed that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases has originated in developed countries. It was also acknowledged that per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low.
Statement 2 is correct: CBDR principle acknowledges all states have a shared obligation to address environmental destruction but denies equal responsibility of all states with regard to environmental protection. In the Earth Summit, states acknowledged disparity of economic development between developed and developing countries. Industrialization proceeded in developed countries much earlier than it did in developing countries. CBDR is based on the relationship between industrialization and climate change.
Statement 3 is correct: The developed countries of the North want to discuss the environmental issue as it stands now and want everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation. The Developing countries of the South Feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries. If they have caused more degradation, they must also take more responsibility for undoing the damage now. Moreover, the developing countries are in the process of industrialisation and they must not be subjected to the same restrictions, which apply to the developed countries.Thus the special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application, and interpretation of rules of international environmental law. This argument was accepted in the Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit 1992 in the form of the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’(CBDR).
:
D
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) was formalized in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. The Parties to the Convention agreed that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases has originated in developed countries. It was also acknowledged that per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low.
Statement 2 is correct: CBDR principle acknowledges all states have a shared obligation to address environmental destruction but denies equal responsibility of all states with regard to environmental protection. In the Earth Summit, states acknowledged disparity of economic development between developed and developing countries. Industrialization proceeded in developed countries much earlier than it did in developing countries. CBDR is based on the relationship between industrialization and climate change.
Statement 3 is correct: The developed countries of the North want to discuss the environmental issue as it stands now and want everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation. The Developing countries of the South Feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries. If they have caused more degradation, they must also take more responsibility for undoing the damage now. Moreover, the developing countries are in the process of industrialisation and they must not be subjected to the same restrictions, which apply to the developed countries.Thus the special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application, and interpretation of rules of international environmental law. This argument was accepted in the Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit 1992 in the form of the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’(CBDR).
Answer: Option B. -> 1 and 4 only
:
B
Explanation:
Statement 1 and 4 are correct :
Statement 2 is Incorrect: Amnesty International is an NGO that campaigns for the protection of human rights all over the world. It promotes respect for all human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It believes that human rights are interdependent and indivisible.It prepares and publishes reports on human rights.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Human Rights Watch is another international NGO involved in research and advocacy on human rights. It is the largest international human rights organisation in the US. It draws the global media's attention to human rights abuses. It helped in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to establish the International Criminal Court.
:
B
Explanation:
Statement 1 and 4 are correct :
Statement 2 is Incorrect: Amnesty International is an NGO that campaigns for the protection of human rights all over the world. It promotes respect for all human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It believes that human rights are interdependent and indivisible.It prepares and publishes reports on human rights.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Human Rights Watch is another international NGO involved in research and advocacy on human rights. It is the largest international human rights organisation in the US. It draws the global media's attention to human rights abuses. It helped in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to establish the International Criminal Court.
Answer: Option A. -> A transition Model from Socialism to Capitalism in former Communist Countries.
:
A
Explanation:
The collapse of communism was followed in most of these countries by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the World Bank and the IMF came to be known as ‘shock therapy’. Shock therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries, but its direction and features were quite similar. Shock therapy also involved a drastic change in the external orientation of these economies. Development was now envisaged through more trade, and thus sudden and complete switch to free trade was considered essential. The free trade regime and foreign direct investment (FDI) were to be the main engines of change. This also involves openness to foreign investment,financial opening up or deregulation, and currency convertibility.
:
A
Explanation:
The collapse of communism was followed in most of these countries by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the World Bank and the IMF came to be known as ‘shock therapy’. Shock therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries, but its direction and features were quite similar. Shock therapy also involved a drastic change in the external orientation of these economies. Development was now envisaged through more trade, and thus sudden and complete switch to free trade was considered essential. The free trade regime and foreign direct investment (FDI) were to be the main engines of change. This also involves openness to foreign investment,financial opening up or deregulation, and currency convertibility.
Question 4. Q. With reference to the Cold War,Consider the following Statements :
Which of the above given statements is/are incorrect?
- The rival blocs during the Cold War were expected to behave rationally and responsibly to prevent direct war.
- The Non-Alignment Movement was started during the Cold war era.
- It was mainly an ideological conflict with no instances of military escalations or conflict anywhere between the rival blocs.
- India followed a negative and passive policy towards the Cold War.
Which of the above given statements is/are incorrect?
Answer: Option C. -> 3 and 4 only
:
C
Explanation:
The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II. This hostility between the two superpowers was first given its name by George Orwell in an article published in 1945
Statement 1 is correct: The Cold War was not simply a matter of power rivalries, of military alliances,and of the balance of power.These were accompanied by areal ideological conflict as well,a difference over the best and the most appropriate way of organising political, economic,and social life all over the world.The western alliance, headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the eastern alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism.
In the event of a nuclear war,both sides will be so badly harmed that it will be impossible to declare one side or the other as the winner.Even if one of them tries to attack and disable the nuclear weapons of its rival, the other would still be left with enough nuclear weapons to inflict unacceptable destruction.This is called the logic of ‘deterrence’: both sides have the capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much destruction that neither can afford to initiate war. Thus, the Cold War— in spite of being an intense form of rivalry between great powers —remained a ‘cold’ and not hot or shooting war. The deterrence relationship prevents war but not the rivalry between powers. Note the main military features of the Cold War. The two superpowers and the countries in the rival blocs led by the superpowers were expected to behave as rational and responsible actors. They were to be rational and responsible in the sense that they understood the risks in fighting wars that might involve the two superpowers.When two superpowers and the blocs led by them are in a deterrence relationship, fighting wars will be massively destructive.
Statement 2 is correct: The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc
The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another".The Movement advocated a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Although the Cold War was mainly an ideological conflict between capitalism and Communism, there were also several Hot Points during the era like Korean war,Vietnam war and Bay of Pigs Invasion among others.
Statement 4 is incorrect: As a leader of NAM, India's Response to the ongoing Cold Warwas two-fold: At one level, it took particular care in staying away from the two alliances. Second, raised its voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming part of these alliances.India’s policy was neither negative nor passive. As Nehru reminded the world, non-alignment was not a policy of fleeing away’. On the contrary,India was in favour of actively intervening in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries. India tried to reduce the differences between the alliances and thereby prevent differences from escalating into a full-scale war.Indian diplomats and leaders were often used to communicate and mediate between Cold War rivals such as in the Korean War in the early 1950s.
:
C
Explanation:
The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II. This hostility between the two superpowers was first given its name by George Orwell in an article published in 1945
Statement 1 is correct: The Cold War was not simply a matter of power rivalries, of military alliances,and of the balance of power.These were accompanied by areal ideological conflict as well,a difference over the best and the most appropriate way of organising political, economic,and social life all over the world.The western alliance, headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the eastern alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism.
In the event of a nuclear war,both sides will be so badly harmed that it will be impossible to declare one side or the other as the winner.Even if one of them tries to attack and disable the nuclear weapons of its rival, the other would still be left with enough nuclear weapons to inflict unacceptable destruction.This is called the logic of ‘deterrence’: both sides have the capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much destruction that neither can afford to initiate war. Thus, the Cold War— in spite of being an intense form of rivalry between great powers —remained a ‘cold’ and not hot or shooting war. The deterrence relationship prevents war but not the rivalry between powers. Note the main military features of the Cold War. The two superpowers and the countries in the rival blocs led by the superpowers were expected to behave as rational and responsible actors. They were to be rational and responsible in the sense that they understood the risks in fighting wars that might involve the two superpowers.When two superpowers and the blocs led by them are in a deterrence relationship, fighting wars will be massively destructive.
Statement 2 is correct: The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc
The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another".The Movement advocated a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Although the Cold War was mainly an ideological conflict between capitalism and Communism, there were also several Hot Points during the era like Korean war,Vietnam war and Bay of Pigs Invasion among others.
Statement 4 is incorrect: As a leader of NAM, India's Response to the ongoing Cold Warwas two-fold: At one level, it took particular care in staying away from the two alliances. Second, raised its voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming part of these alliances.India’s policy was neither negative nor passive. As Nehru reminded the world, non-alignment was not a policy of fleeing away’. On the contrary,India was in favour of actively intervening in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries. India tried to reduce the differences between the alliances and thereby prevent differences from escalating into a full-scale war.Indian diplomats and leaders were often used to communicate and mediate between Cold War rivals such as in the Korean War in the early 1950s.
Question 5. Q. Consider the following Statements with reference to Association of South-East Asian Nations(ASEAN) :
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
- It was established in 1967 by the members through the Bangkok declaration.
- The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) seeks to boost economic cooperation and establish an Economic Community of ASEAN members.
- The Vision 2020 of ASEAN seeks to make it an inward looking and region focussed organisation, committed to non interference in international matters.
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
Answer: Option D. -> 1 only
:
D
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: ASEAN was established in1967 by five countries of this region — Indonesia, Malaysia, thePhilippines, Singapore andThailand — by signing theBangkok Declaration. The Objectives of ASEAN were primarily to accelerate economic growth and through that ‘social progress and cultural development’. A secondary objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of theUnited Nations Charter.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which was established in 1994, is the organisation that carries out coordination of security and foreign policy.
Note: With some of the fastest growing economies in the world, ASEAN broadened its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres. In 2003, ASEAN moved along the path of the EU by agreeing to establish an ASEAN Community comprising three pillars namely,
Statement 3 is incorrect: ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation. Its Vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role of ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region. Thus, ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor crisis, and meets annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.
:
D
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: ASEAN was established in1967 by five countries of this region — Indonesia, Malaysia, thePhilippines, Singapore andThailand — by signing theBangkok Declaration. The Objectives of ASEAN were primarily to accelerate economic growth and through that ‘social progress and cultural development’. A secondary objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of theUnited Nations Charter.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which was established in 1994, is the organisation that carries out coordination of security and foreign policy.
Note: With some of the fastest growing economies in the world, ASEAN broadened its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres. In 2003, ASEAN moved along the path of the EU by agreeing to establish an ASEAN Community comprising three pillars namely,
- ASEAN Security Community,
- ASEAN Economic Community and
- ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.
Statement 3 is incorrect: ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation. Its Vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role of ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region. Thus, ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor crisis, and meets annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.
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