The two characteristics of planning are: 

1. Planning is goal-oriented.

2. Planning involves choice and decision-making.

XYZ Ltd gives promotions on the basis of seniority. The type of plan is policy. 

Follow- up action, it refers to the process of monitoring the plans, whether they are implemented properly or not. 

Policy. It is a general statement that defines the boundaries within which decisions are made, as it answers to recurring problems of similar nature. They guide managerial decision- making and action. 

Planning leads to rigidity. A specific plan clearly indicates the objective to be achieved and the ways of doing work. Since the manager may not be able to change these plans, it leads to rigidity. 

Method provides the prescribed ways in which work is to be performed considering the objective. 

False. Planning is required at all levels as well as in all departments. It is not a function restricted to top level only. Thus, it can be said that planning is pervasive. 

Single-use Plan are formulated to achieve a specific target or for a one-time event. After reaching that target, the plan becomes useless. 

False. An ideal plan is the most feasible, most profitable and with least negative consequences. 

Standing plan are formulated by companies to deal with situations that can occur again and again. They are usually made once but are modified from time to time, as per the needs of the business. These plans are applied to recurring situations for enhancing efficiency and effective decision making.