Java only ever passes arguments to a method by value (i.e. a copy of the variable) 

and never by reference. Therefore the value of the variable i remains unchanged in 

the main method.

If you are clever you will spot that 16 is 4 multiplied by 2 twice, (4 * 2 * 2) = 16. If you 

had 16 left shifted by three bits then 16 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 128. If you had 128 right shifted by

2 bits then 128 / 2 / 2 = 32. Keeping these points in mind, you don't have to go converting 

to binary to do the left and right bit shifts.