Answer: Option C. -> There are many organisms which do not reproduce
:
C
Organisms such as mules, sterile worker bees, and even infertile human individuals cannot reproduce. Thus, reproduction cannot be an all-inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms. However, no non-living object is capable of reproducing or self-replicating. 

Answer: Option C. -> Linnaeus
:
C
Species Plantarum (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753. It lists every species of plant known at that point of time, classified into genera. It is considered to be the place, where plant nomenclature began. Systema Naturae was yet another important publication of Linnaeus, the first edition of which was published in 1735. The tenth edition, considered to be the most important one, is where Linnaeus describes zoological nomenclature.

Answer: Option B. -> Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
:
B

Phylogeny deals with the evolutionary history of individuals or groups of organisms. Species is the basic unit of taxonomy. It is the natural population of individuals or group of population which resemble one another in the general morphological and reproductive characters. So they are all able to interbreed freely and produce fertile offspring.

Answer: Option D. -> After the specific epithet, abbreviated
:
D
Name of the author appears after the specific epithet, i.e., at the end of the biological name, and is generally written in an abbreviated form, e.g., Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus.

Answer: Option B. -> A taxonomic group of any ranking
:
B
A taxon (plural: taxa) is a category of any ranking in the system of classification of organisms. The major taxa are Kingdom, Phylum or Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Answer: Option D. -> Italicised or underlined with the first word capitalised
:
D

There are some important rules that must be followed to keep all binomial names standardised:

1. The first letter of the name of the genus should always be capitalised.

2. Species name should not be capitalised.

3. When written, the genus and species names should always be underlined separately; when printed it should be italicised. e.g., Pseudomonas syringae

4. The name or abbreviated name of the scientist describing the species first, should be written after the binomial name. The name is not italicised. e.g.,  Pseudomonas syringae van Hall

5. The year in which the organism was described should be written after the name of the author or scientist. e.g., Pseudomonas syringae van Hall 1902

Answer: Option C. -> Taxon, John Ray
:
C

The term species is the lowest taxonomic category or the least inclusive taxon. The term was coined by John Ray in his 1686 work titled "History of plants”.

Answer: Option D. -> Species
:
D
Only members belonging to the same species can mate to produce a fertile offspring. This is a defining feature of the taxon species.
Members of the same Family, Order and Class can only produce fertile offsprings if they belong to the same species. And thus, is not a defining characteristic of these taxons. 

Answer: Option D. -> Anthropoidea
:
D
Primates (members of order Primata under the class Mammalia) that have a rounded head and possess facial muscles, such as the human beings, are classified under a sub-order called Anthropoidea. 

Answer: Option C. -> Tetrapoda
:
C
Annelida, Arthropoda and Echinodermata are invertebrate phyla in the Kingdom Animalia. Tetrapoda is a superclass of jawed vertebrates (which come under phylum Chordata).