General Knowledge > Polity
POLITICAL THEORY MCQs
Total Questions : 10
Question 1. Q. . Consider the following statements with reference to
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
- Rights not only place positive obligation on State but also have a negative obligation as well
- Rights not only place obligation upon states but also upon individuals to do their duty
- Rights of sovereign states are above the liberties of individuals.
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
Answer: Option C. -> 1 and 2 only
:
C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: Rights place an obligation upon the state to act in certain kinds of ways. Each right indicates what the state must do as well as what it must not do. Rights not only indicate what the state must do, they also suggest what the state must refrain from doing. Thus it puts a positive obligation on the State to protect and preserve rights so also they have negative connotations to prevent the state from arbitrary action.
Statement 2 is correct: Rights not only place obligations upon the state to act in a certain way — for instance, to ensure sustainable development — but they also place obligations upon each of us
Statement 3 is incorrect: Our rights ensure that the authority of the state is exercised without violating the sanctity of individual life and liberty. The state may be the sovereign authority; the laws it makes may be enforced with force, but the sovereign state exists not for its own sake but for the sake of the individual. It's People who matter more and it is their well-being that must be pursued by the government in power. The rulers are accountable for their actions and must not forget that law exists to ensure the good of the people.
:
C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: Rights place an obligation upon the state to act in certain kinds of ways. Each right indicates what the state must do as well as what it must not do. Rights not only indicate what the state must do, they also suggest what the state must refrain from doing. Thus it puts a positive obligation on the State to protect and preserve rights so also they have negative connotations to prevent the state from arbitrary action.
Statement 2 is correct: Rights not only place obligations upon the state to act in a certain way — for instance, to ensure sustainable development — but they also place obligations upon each of us
- Firstly, they compel us to think not just of our own personal needs and interests but to defend some things as being good for all of us
- Secondly, they require that one respect the rights of others.
- Thirdly, we must balance our rights when they come into conflict with responsibility.
- Fourthly, citizens must be vigilant about limitations which may be placed on their rights
Statement 3 is incorrect: Our rights ensure that the authority of the state is exercised without violating the sanctity of individual life and liberty. The state may be the sovereign authority; the laws it makes may be enforced with force, but the sovereign state exists not for its own sake but for the sake of the individual. It's People who matter more and it is their well-being that must be pursued by the government in power. The rulers are accountable for their actions and must not forget that law exists to ensure the good of the people.
Answer: Option C. -> It preaches opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes.
:
C
Explanation:
Pacifism preaches opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. It covers a spectrum of views ranging from a preference for diplomacy in resolving international disputes to absolute opposition to the use of violence or even force,in any circumstance. Pacifism may be based on principle or pragmatism. Principled pacifism springs from the belief that war, deliberate lethal force, violence or any form of coercion is morally wrong. Pragmatic pacifism does not adhere to such an absolute principle but holds that there are better ways of resolving a dispute than war or considers the benefits of a war to be outweighed by the costs.
:
C
Explanation:
Pacifism preaches opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. It covers a spectrum of views ranging from a preference for diplomacy in resolving international disputes to absolute opposition to the use of violence or even force,in any circumstance. Pacifism may be based on principle or pragmatism. Principled pacifism springs from the belief that war, deliberate lethal force, violence or any form of coercion is morally wrong. Pragmatic pacifism does not adhere to such an absolute principle but holds that there are better ways of resolving a dispute than war or considers the benefits of a war to be outweighed by the costs.
Answer: Option D. -> 1 and 3 only
:
D
Explanation:
A nation is to a great extent an ‘imagined community, held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members. It is based on certain assumptions which people make about the collective whole with which they identify.
Statement 1 is correct: A shared vision of the future and the collective aspiration to have an independent political existence that distinguishes groups from nations. Members of a nation share a vision of the kind of state they want to build. They affirm among other things a set of values and principles such as democracy, secularism and liberalism. These ideals represent the terms under which they come together and are willing to live together. It represents, in other words, their shared political ideal as a nation.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Single Citizenship means a person is a citizen of a particular country only and not of the respective states whereas dual citizenship means being a citizen of two or more countries. Single citizenship is having citizenship of only one country. Some countries allow dual citizenship and some countries won't. Countries that allow dual citizenship are: Canada, Australia, Albania, USA etc. Hence, single citizenship is not a necessary trait to constitute a Nation.
Statement 3 is correct: A nation is constituted by shared belief. Nations are not like mountains, rivers or buildings which we can see and feel. They are not things which exist independent of the beliefs that people have about them. To speak of a people as a nation is not to make a comment about their physical characteristics or behaviour. Rather, it is to refer to the collective identity and vision for the future of a group which aspires to have an independent political existence.
:
D
Explanation:
A nation is to a great extent an ‘imagined community, held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members. It is based on certain assumptions which people make about the collective whole with which they identify.
Statement 1 is correct: A shared vision of the future and the collective aspiration to have an independent political existence that distinguishes groups from nations. Members of a nation share a vision of the kind of state they want to build. They affirm among other things a set of values and principles such as democracy, secularism and liberalism. These ideals represent the terms under which they come together and are willing to live together. It represents, in other words, their shared political ideal as a nation.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Single Citizenship means a person is a citizen of a particular country only and not of the respective states whereas dual citizenship means being a citizen of two or more countries. Single citizenship is having citizenship of only one country. Some countries allow dual citizenship and some countries won't. Countries that allow dual citizenship are: Canada, Australia, Albania, USA etc. Hence, single citizenship is not a necessary trait to constitute a Nation.
Statement 3 is correct: A nation is constituted by shared belief. Nations are not like mountains, rivers or buildings which we can see and feel. They are not things which exist independent of the beliefs that people have about them. To speak of a people as a nation is not to make a comment about their physical characteristics or behaviour. Rather, it is to refer to the collective identity and vision for the future of a group which aspires to have an independent political existence.
Answer: Option B. -> If there are no laws, there is no liberty
:
B
Explanation:
Since individuals live together in a society, complete absence of restraints would be neither possible nor desirable. It has been very aptly said that your liberty to swing your arm ends there where my nose begins. For liberty to be enjoyed by everyone, it should have reasonable restraints. The freedom of many requires restraint of law on the freedom of some. Liberty Means freedom of thought, expression and action. However It does not mean freedom to do anything that one desires or likes. If that were to be permitted then a large number of people will not be able to enjoy their freedom. Therefore, freedoms are defined in such a manner that every person will enjoy her freedom without threatening freedom of others and without endangering the law and order situation. So if there are no laws then there will be chaos and no individual can enjoy his/her liberty.
:
B
Explanation:
Since individuals live together in a society, complete absence of restraints would be neither possible nor desirable. It has been very aptly said that your liberty to swing your arm ends there where my nose begins. For liberty to be enjoyed by everyone, it should have reasonable restraints. The freedom of many requires restraint of law on the freedom of some. Liberty Means freedom of thought, expression and action. However It does not mean freedom to do anything that one desires or likes. If that were to be permitted then a large number of people will not be able to enjoy their freedom. Therefore, freedoms are defined in such a manner that every person will enjoy her freedom without threatening freedom of others and without endangering the law and order situation. So if there are no laws then there will be chaos and no individual can enjoy his/her liberty.
Answer: Option B. -> 1 and 2 only
:
B
Explanation:
Statement 1 and 2 are correct: People with special needs or disabilities could be considered unequal in some particular respect and deserving of special help. But it is not always easy to get agreement regarding which inequalities of people should be recognised for providing them special help. Physical disabilities, age or lack of access to good education or healthcare, are some of the factors which are considered grounds for special treatment in many countries. It is believed that if people who enjoy very different standards of living and opportunities are treated equally in all respects with those who have been deprived of even the basic minimum needs to live a healthy and productive life, the result is likely to be an unequal society, not an egalitarian and just one. In our country, lack of access to good education or health care and other such facilities is often found combined with social discrimination on grounds of caste. The Constitution therefore allowed for reservations of government jobs(Affirmative Action) and quotas for admissions to educational institutions for people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The World Health Organization defines the right to health as “a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Although Right to Health is considered essential for well being and a dignified living, Indian Constitution does not recognise it as a fundamental right. However, the Draft National Health Policy has proposed making the right to health an inalienable part of an individual's life.
:
B
Explanation:
Statement 1 and 2 are correct: People with special needs or disabilities could be considered unequal in some particular respect and deserving of special help. But it is not always easy to get agreement regarding which inequalities of people should be recognised for providing them special help. Physical disabilities, age or lack of access to good education or healthcare, are some of the factors which are considered grounds for special treatment in many countries. It is believed that if people who enjoy very different standards of living and opportunities are treated equally in all respects with those who have been deprived of even the basic minimum needs to live a healthy and productive life, the result is likely to be an unequal society, not an egalitarian and just one. In our country, lack of access to good education or health care and other such facilities is often found combined with social discrimination on grounds of caste. The Constitution therefore allowed for reservations of government jobs(Affirmative Action) and quotas for admissions to educational institutions for people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The World Health Organization defines the right to health as “a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Although Right to Health is considered essential for well being and a dignified living, Indian Constitution does not recognise it as a fundamental right. However, the Draft National Health Policy has proposed making the right to health an inalienable part of an individual's life.
Answer: Option B. -> Olga Tellis Case
:
B
Explanation:
The Supreme Court gave an important decision regarding the rights of slum-dwellers in Bombay in response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by a social activist, Olga Tellis against Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1985. The petition claimed the right to live on pavements or in slums because there was no alternative accommodation available close to their place of work. If they were forced to move they would lose their livelihood as well.The Supreme Court said, “Article 21 of the Constitution which guaranteed the right to life included the right to livelihood. Therefore If pavement dwellers were to be evicted they should first be provided alternative accommodation under the right to shelter.”
:
B
Explanation:
The Supreme Court gave an important decision regarding the rights of slum-dwellers in Bombay in response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by a social activist, Olga Tellis against Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1985. The petition claimed the right to live on pavements or in slums because there was no alternative accommodation available close to their place of work. If they were forced to move they would lose their livelihood as well.The Supreme Court said, “Article 21 of the Constitution which guaranteed the right to life included the right to livelihood. Therefore If pavement dwellers were to be evicted they should first be provided alternative accommodation under the right to shelter.”
Question 7. Q. With reference to Environmentalism, consider the following statements:
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
- It is a new wave of movements by politically led organisations to preserve the environment.
- It seeks to turn mainstream environmental policies into development policies and agendas.
- Sustainable Development Goals(SDG) are an outcome of Environmentalism.
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
Answer: Option A. -> 2 and 3 only
:
A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: The roots of environmentalism can be traced back to the nineteenth-century revolt against industrialisation. It is not a new movement. Environmentalists maintain that human beings should learn to live in harmony with the rhythms of the ecosystem and not manipulate the natural environment to serve their immediate interests. Today, the environmental movement has become a worldwide phenomenon with thousands of non-governmental groups and even some ‘green’ political parties. Some well-known environmental groups include GreenPeace and the World Wildlife Fund and in India.
Statement 2 is correct: The Environmentalist groups try to pressurise governments to modify their industrial and developmental policies in the light of environmental goals. Environmentalism seeks to turn mainstream Environmental policies into development policies and agendas.
Statement 3 is correct: The Sustainable Development Goals agenda was accepted by all members of the United Nations in 2012 at the Rio De Janeiro Council Meet with an aim to promote a healthy and developed future of the planet and its people. It was in 2015 when the Sustainable Development Goals were implemented after a successful fifteen-year plan of development called the Millennium Development Goals. Sustainable Development Goals focused on Global Green Agendas and it was an outcome of the Environmentalist movement over the decades.
:
A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: The roots of environmentalism can be traced back to the nineteenth-century revolt against industrialisation. It is not a new movement. Environmentalists maintain that human beings should learn to live in harmony with the rhythms of the ecosystem and not manipulate the natural environment to serve their immediate interests. Today, the environmental movement has become a worldwide phenomenon with thousands of non-governmental groups and even some ‘green’ political parties. Some well-known environmental groups include GreenPeace and the World Wildlife Fund and in India.
Statement 2 is correct: The Environmentalist groups try to pressurise governments to modify their industrial and developmental policies in the light of environmental goals. Environmentalism seeks to turn mainstream Environmental policies into development policies and agendas.
Statement 3 is correct: The Sustainable Development Goals agenda was accepted by all members of the United Nations in 2012 at the Rio De Janeiro Council Meet with an aim to promote a healthy and developed future of the planet and its people. It was in 2015 when the Sustainable Development Goals were implemented after a successful fifteen-year plan of development called the Millennium Development Goals. Sustainable Development Goals focused on Global Green Agendas and it was an outcome of the Environmentalist movement over the decades.
Question 8. Q. Consider the following statements with reference to Socialism:
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
- It is opposed to the ideal of free market or marketism
- Its main concern is to ensure distributive Justice in society
- Socialist ideals favour complete control of Government over all the sectors.
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
Answer: Option A. -> 2 only
:
A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Socialism refers to a set of political ideas that emerged as a response to the inequalities present in, and reproduced by, the industrial capitalist economy. Although advocates of socialism are not entirely opposed to the market, they favour some kind of government regulation.
Statement 2 is correct: The main concern of Socialism is how to minimise existing inequality and distribute resources justly.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Although advocates of socialism are not entirely opposed to the market, they favour some kind of government regulation, planning and control over certain key areas such as education and health care.
:
A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Socialism refers to a set of political ideas that emerged as a response to the inequalities present in, and reproduced by, the industrial capitalist economy. Although advocates of socialism are not entirely opposed to the market, they favour some kind of government regulation.
Statement 2 is correct: The main concern of Socialism is how to minimise existing inequality and distribute resources justly.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Although advocates of socialism are not entirely opposed to the market, they favour some kind of government regulation, planning and control over certain key areas such as education and health care.
Question 9. Q. Consider the following statements with reference to Inequalities:
Which of the above given statements is/are incorrect?
- Natural inequalities cannot be minimised while social inequalities can.
- Natural inequalities are in-born while social inequalities are created by societies.
- Natural inequalities form basis for creating social inequalities at some instances
Which of the above given statements is/are incorrect?
Answer: Option A. -> 1 only
:
A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: A distinction has sometimes been made in political theory between natural inequalities and socially-produced inequalities. Natural inequalities are those that emerge between people as a result of their different capabilities and talents. However, some differences which could be considered natural need no longer be seen as unalterable. For instance, advances in medical science and technologies have helped many disabled people to function effectively in society. Today, computers can help blind people, wheelchairs and artificial limbs can help in cases of physical disability, even a person’s looks can be changed with cosmetic surgery. Thus technology could minimise natural inequalities.
Statement 2 is correct: Natural inequalities are considered to be the result of the different characteristics and abilities with which people are born. Social inequalities on the other hand are those created by society. Certain societies may, for instance, value those who perform intellectual work over those who do manual work and reward them differently. They may treat people of different races, or colour, or gender, or caste differently.
Statement 3 is correct: One of the stark examples of natural basis for creating social inequalities is gender based inequality, where women have been historically considered inferior to men owing to their inherent natural tendencies. Sexual Division of Labour, sex role stereotyping, negative values placed upon women have all created Division in society.
:
A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: A distinction has sometimes been made in political theory between natural inequalities and socially-produced inequalities. Natural inequalities are those that emerge between people as a result of their different capabilities and talents. However, some differences which could be considered natural need no longer be seen as unalterable. For instance, advances in medical science and technologies have helped many disabled people to function effectively in society. Today, computers can help blind people, wheelchairs and artificial limbs can help in cases of physical disability, even a person’s looks can be changed with cosmetic surgery. Thus technology could minimise natural inequalities.
Statement 2 is correct: Natural inequalities are considered to be the result of the different characteristics and abilities with which people are born. Social inequalities on the other hand are those created by society. Certain societies may, for instance, value those who perform intellectual work over those who do manual work and reward them differently. They may treat people of different races, or colour, or gender, or caste differently.
Statement 3 is correct: One of the stark examples of natural basis for creating social inequalities is gender based inequality, where women have been historically considered inferior to men owing to their inherent natural tendencies. Sexual Division of Labour, sex role stereotyping, negative values placed upon women have all created Division in society.
Answer: Option D. -> A Society that enables one to pursue one’s interests with a minimum of constraints.
:
D
Explanation:
A free society is one that enables one to pursue one’s interests with a minimum of constraints. Freedom has two dimensions. Freedom is said to exist when external constraints on the individual are absent and he/she is not subject to external controls or coercion and is able to make independent decisions. However, absence of constraints is only one dimension of freedom. Freedom is also about expanding the ability of people to freely express themselves and develop their potential. Freedom In this sense is the condition in which people can develop their creativity and capabilities.
Both these aspects of freedom — the absence of external constraints as well as the existence of conditions in which people can develop their talents — are important. A free society would be one which enables all its members to develop their potential with the minimum of social constraints.To be free a society must widen the area in which individuals, groups, communities or nations, will be able to charter their own destiny and be what they wish to be. Freedom, in this sense, allows the full development of the individual’s creativity, sensibilities and capabilities: be it in sports, science, art, music or exploration.
:
D
Explanation:
A free society is one that enables one to pursue one’s interests with a minimum of constraints. Freedom has two dimensions. Freedom is said to exist when external constraints on the individual are absent and he/she is not subject to external controls or coercion and is able to make independent decisions. However, absence of constraints is only one dimension of freedom. Freedom is also about expanding the ability of people to freely express themselves and develop their potential. Freedom In this sense is the condition in which people can develop their creativity and capabilities.
Both these aspects of freedom — the absence of external constraints as well as the existence of conditions in which people can develop their talents — are important. A free society would be one which enables all its members to develop their potential with the minimum of social constraints.To be free a society must widen the area in which individuals, groups, communities or nations, will be able to charter their own destiny and be what they wish to be. Freedom, in this sense, allows the full development of the individual’s creativity, sensibilities and capabilities: be it in sports, science, art, music or exploration.
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