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Definition: 1 Mark
Example: 1 Mark
Fibrous roots are a group of lateral roots arising from the base of the stem. In plants bearing fibrous roots, the initialtap root slowly weakens and is replaced by a bunch of roots arising from the base of the stem. These bunch of roots forms the fibrous roots.
Examples of plants with fibrous roots are banana, grass and onion.

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1 Mark each
[Mention any three]
1. In some plants, the underground stem is modified to store food in the form of starch. Three types of underground stem modifications are tubers (e.g. Potato), rhizome (e.g.Ginger) and bulb (e.g.Onion).
2. In some desert plants, leaves are absent or reduced to spines. Here, the stem is green and performs photosynthesis to synthesise food.
3. In some plants like rose, stems are modified into thorns to protect the plant from being eaten by animals.
4. In climbing plants, stems are modified sometimes into structures which twine around the support.
5. In some plants like cactus and jade, stems become fleshy and succulent to store water.

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Definition : 1 Mark
Each Modification : 1 Mark
In some plants, leaves get modified to perform some special functions other than the normal ones, such as photosynthesis and transpiration. Sometimes these modifications are in response to certain environmental conditions. This type of alteration of leaves is called leaf modification.
Some leaf modifications are as follows:
1. In weak-stemmed plants, leaves are modified into special structures which twine around a support. These are tendrils. These offer support to the plant while climbing up.
2. In some plants like onion, leaves are modified to store food. These are termed to be scaly leaves.
3. In some desert plants like cactus, leaves are reduced to spines so as to reduce the loss of water through transpiration. These spines are also called as thorns. Thorns protect these plants from grazing animals.
4. In some insectivorous plants, leaves are modified into pitchers where they are used to trap insects. These insects can be digested inside the body of the plant. In this way, plants obtain nitrogen from animals.

Answer: Option A. -> roots
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A
Sprouting is basically a process where seeds and legumes are germinated and eventually eaten raw. When seeds are soaked in water for a certain period of time, they germinate, causing their outer layers to tear open and allowing a young root to come out. Gram seeds absorb water and roots come out of them.

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Characteristics: 2 Marks
Example: 1 Mark
1. Shrubs are small to medium-sized bushy plants.
2. They have thick woody stems.
Examples of shrubs include sunflower, rose, etc.

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Each part: 1 Mark
The different parts of a plant are - leaf, stem, roots, fruits, and flowers.
1. Leaves are the structures which develop on branches. These are green in colourdue to the presence of a pigment calledchlorophyll.They are considered to be food factories of the plant because photosynthesis occurs in the leaves.
2. The stem is the part of the plant seen above the ground. It bears the leaves, flowers and fruits. It is almost green or woody. It grows towardssunlight.
3. The roots of a plant are mostly seen underground and appear brown in colour. Root bear tiny thread-like structures over called root hairs. Roots absorb water.
4. The flower is thereproductive structure of the plant. Flower helps the plant to give rise to new plants by the process of sexual reproduction.
5. Fruits are produced by flowers after fertilisation. Fruit is the fertilised ovary. The fruit contains seeds inside them.

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Root modification + Example:1 Mark each
[Mention any three]
1. Storage rootsare the roots modified to store food in them. E.g. Carrot, turnip, radish, sweet potato, etc.
2. Respiratory rootsare the roots modified for respiration.
E.g. Roots of mangrove plants.
3. Parasitic rootsare the roots which arise from the stem and absorb nourishment from the host plant. E.g. Cuscuta.
4. Climbing rootsare the roots which help the plant to climb and cling onto asupport. E.g. Money plant, betel.
5. Reproductive rootsare the roots which help in the process of producing the offspring. E.g. sweet potato.
6. Prop roots are the roots which offer support to the huge structure of the tree. E.g. Banyan tree

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The labeled part in the image is the leaf blade orlamina.
Lamina is the broad, green part of the leaf that is exposed to sunlight.

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Classification based on presence of flowers: 2 Marks
Classification based on mode of nutrition: 3 Marks
Depending on the presence of flowers, plants are classified into two types namely, flowering plants and non-flowering plants.
1. Flowering plantsare the plants which possess flowers and reproduce through seeds. E.g. mango, papaya, guava, etc.
2. Non-flowering plantsare the plants which do not use flowers to reproduce. These plants reproduce through spores. E.g. ferns, mosses, etc.
Depending on the mode of nutrition, plants are classified into autotrophic andheterotrophic.
1. Autotrophic plantsare the plants which make their own food by the process of photosynthesis by using raw materials like carbon dioxide and water. All green plants exhibit photosynthesis.
2. Heterotrophicplantsare the plants which depend on other organismsfor their food.
For example,plants like venus flytrap thatderive their nourishment from insects are called insectivorous plants.

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1 Mark each
Leaves are arranged in different patterns at the node on the stem. The arrangement can be alternate, opposite and whorled.
1. In an alternate leaf arrangement, there is oneleaf pernodeand they alternate sides.
2. In an opposite arrangement,two leaves arise from the same node on opposite sides of the stem.
3. In a whorled arrangement,there are at least three leaves at eachnode of the stem.